Synthetic cannabinoids appear in many CBD brands in products such as gummy-bears, and vape-cartridges. Just as the synthetic cannabinoid(s) used differ between each synthetic cannabinoid product sold, so do the other contents of the counterfeit product.Ĭounterfeit black market cannabis products It is often difficult to determine what is in these products without reagent testing because masking agents, such as tocopherol (or vitamin E acetate that causes vaping-associated pulmonary injury), eugenol, and fatty acids, are added to confound identification. Synthetic cannabinoids reagent testing kits recently became economical.

9 Legal restrictions and regional availability.

1.3.3 Herbs labeled on packages marketed as legal high.

1.3.2 Non-cannabinoid chemicals found in herb blends.

1.3.1 Synthetic cannabinoids found in herb blends.

1.1 Counterfeit black market cannabis products.

Severe illnesses and death have resulted from this contamination. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration warned of significant health risks from synthetic cannabinoid products that contain the rat poison brodifacoum, which is added because it is thought to extend the duration of the drugs' effects. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that the number of deaths from synthetic cannabinoid use tripled between 20.

There have been several deaths linked to synthetic cannabinoids. There have also been reports of a strong compulsion to re-dose, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent cravings. Reported user negative effects include palpitations, paranoia, intense anxiety, nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor coordination, and seizures. From 2008 to 2014, 142 synthetic cannabinoids were reported to the European Monitoring-Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Synthetic marijuana compounds began to be manufactured and sold in the early 2000s.

Huffman), which can include several substances with different base structures such as classical cannabinoids and unrelated naphthoylindoles. AM- xxx, CP- xx,xxx, HU- xx, JWH- xxx) which are classified by the creator of the substance (e.g.

There are several synthetic cannabinoid families (e.g. These synthetic analogs often have greater binding affinity and greater potency to the CB 1 receptors. They have been designed to be similar to THC, the natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity to the CB 1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or 'high' of marijuana. Most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of the cannabinoid receptors. A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. They are often labeled 'not for human consumption' for liability defense. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or 'herbal smoking blends', and sold under common names like K2, spice, and synthetic marijuana.

Typically, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have also been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016. These novel psychoactive substances should not be confused with synthetic phytocannabinoids (THC or CBD obtained by chemical synthesis) or synthetic endocannabinoids from which they are in many aspects distinct. Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids ( THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach. Bag and contents of a well-known early brand of synthetic cannabinoids named Spice that contains herbs covered with synthetic cannabinoids, now illegal throughout much of the world

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